Title Militant Monks Essay Example For Students

Title: Militant Monks Essay The Knights Templar, a military order of monks answerable only to the Popehimself, were founded in 1118. Their primary responsibility, at leastinitially, was to provide protection to Christians making pilgrimages to theHoly Land. They rose in power, both religious and secular, to become one ofthe richest and most powerful entities in Christendom. By the time of theirdisbandment in 1307, this highly secretive organization controlled vastwealth, a fleet of merchant ships, and castles and estates spanning theentire Mediterranean area. When the crusaders captured Jerusalem from the Muslims in 1099, the Churchencouraged all faithful Christians to visit that holy city in order toaffirm their faith. The area, however, was still subject to sporadic attacksfrom various non-Christian factions. A small group of knights, led by Hughde Payens, vowed to protect the pilgrims. The group was grantedquasi-official status by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, who allowed themquarters in a wing of the royal palace near the Temple of Solomon. It isfrom this initial posting that the order derived its name. They took thestandard vows of poverty, chastity and obedience and were bound to the rulesof the Augustinian order. Upton-Ward 1The order languished in near-anonimity for several years, despite generouscontributions from various European personages. In 1126, Count Hugh ofChampagne, having donated his estates to Bernard of Clairvaux for use inbuilding a monestary for the Cistercian order, arrived in Jerusalem to jointhe Templars. This ac tion indirectly obligated Bernard to support the newlychosen advocacy of his benefactor. He wrote to the count, If, for Godswork, you have changed yourself from count to knight and from rich to poor,I congratulate you. Howarth 49In the year 1126, King Baldwin found two reasons for wanting officialrecognition of the order. First, he had, perhaps prematurely, bestowed uponHugh de Payens the title of Master of the Temple. Second, the king had theopportunity to launch an attack on the city of Damascus, but he needed moreknights. Papal recognition would allow open recruiting in Europe for theorder. King Baldwin sent a letter to Bernard of Clairvaux, the ordersprimary patron, later known as Saint Bernard, asking him to petition thePope for official recognition of the order. Howarth 50-51The Kingsletter was hand-carried to Bernard by two loyal and trusted knights, Andrewde Montbard, maternally related to Bernard, and Gondemare. Upon theirarrival at Clairvaux, the two knights presented Bern ard with Baldwinsletter, which came right to the point. Upton-Ward 3 The brothers Templar,whom God has raised up for the defence of our province and to whom he hasaccorded special protection, desire to receive apostolic approval and alsotheir own Rule of life Since we know well the weight of yourintercession with God and also with His Vicar and with the other princes ofEurope, we give into your care this two-fold mission, whose success will bevery welcome to us. Let the constitution of the Templars be such as issuitable for men who live in the clash and tumult of war, and yet of a kindwhich will be acceptable to the Christian princes, of whom they have beenthe valuable auxiliaries. So far as in you lies and if God pleases, striveto bring this matter to a speedy and successful issue. qtd. in Howarth 50-51Bernard realized at once the genius of the proposal to combine religiousand military endeavors. Through such organizations, the borders ofChristendom could be extended and fortified . He immediately granted hisapproval of the plan and pledged his full support. He petitioned PopeHonorius II for a special council to consider the matter, and he notifiedHugh of his actions. Howarth 51The Council of Troyes convened on January 13, 1128, a bitterly cold SaintHilarys Day, for the primary purpose of considering the request of theKnights Templar. Despite the delays of written communications, Hugh dePayens, accompanied by several brother knights, arrived from the Holy Landin time to attend the meetings of the Council. Howarth 51William of Tyre wrote an account of the events: Nine years after thefounding of this order, the knights were still in secular garb. They woresuch garments as the people, for salvation of their souls, bestowed uponthem. During this ninth year, a council was held at Troyes in France. Therewere present the archbishops of Rheims and Sens, with their suffragans; thebishop of Albano, the Popes legate; the abbotts of Citeaux, Clairvaux,Potigny; and many o thers. At this council, by order of Pope Honorious and ofStephen, patriarch of Jerusalem, a rule was drawn up for this order and ahabit of white assigned them. qtd. in Burman/Templars 27Although referred to in Williams account by the generic title Abbott ofClairvaux, Bernard, in actuality controlled the proceedings of the council. We will write a custom essay on Title: Militant Monks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There was little doubt Bernards request would be met with approval; he waswell known for his successes in reforming monastic life. He was held in theutmost respect by religious and lay leaders alike; in many circles he wasreferred to as the second pope. In fact, many of the popes were supplied bythe mendicant orders. Robinson 66-67At a time when monks were more highly regarded than priests, and consideredcloser to God because of their ascetic life-styles, Benard said, The peoplecannot look up to the priests, because the people are better than priests.Robinson 67Bernards offer to personally assist in the formulation of the Rules of theorder was gratefully accepted by all. Bernard based his Rule of the Templarson that of his own Cistercian order, which was itself based on the olderBenedictine Rule. Robinson 67The Rule of the Templars was a strict and complex system of 686 writtenlaws, meant to cover every possible aspect of daily life. As an example,Rule 25, On Bowls and Drinking Vesse ls, states: Because of the shortage ofbowls, the brothers will eat in pairs, so that one may study the other moreclosely, and so that neither austerity nor secret abstinence is introducedinto the communal meal. And it seems just to us that each brother shouldhave the same ration of wine in his cup. qtd. in Upton-Ward 26In 1139, Pope Innocent II issued a Bull, titled Omne Datum Optimum,declaring that the Knights Templar were under the direct and sole control ofthe Pope. This freed the Knights to operate throughout Christendom and theLevant unencumbered by local ecclesiastical and secular rulers. Thisunprecedented autonomy was due, in no small part, to the personal petitionsof the new Grand Master, Robert the Burgundian. While Hugh had been anexcellent warrior, Robert was an ideal administrator who understoodpolitics. Howarth 80The Order was authorized to have chaplain brothers, who were authorized tohear the confessions of their fellow brothers, and thereby absolve them oftheir sins. There were, however, five specific crimes for which granting ofabsolution was reserved by the Pope. These were: the killing of a Christianman or woman,; violently attacking another brother; attacking a member ofanother order or a priest; renouncing holy orders in order to be received asa brother; and entering the order by simony. Upton-Ward 5It was also during the mastership of Robert that the Rules were translatedfrom Latin into French. Church documents were normally in Latin only, butsince most of the Knights were soldiers rather than educated clerics, theywere unable to read Latin. In 1147, the Knights were authorized to wear ared cross upon their white mantles, despite rule 18, which forbade anydecorations on their clothing. Upton-Ward 12As the Knights Templar gained political and economic strength, they foundthemselves involved in many aspects of secular life. They established thefirst truly international banking service; travelers not wanting to travelwith large sums could de posit their monies at any Temple and collect a likeamount at their destination. Burman/Templars 85 The Templars were theprimary bankers for the Holy See. Since the order was a papal creation whichwas administered directly by the Pope himself, their significance as papalbankers is understandable. Less obvious is the Templars function as royalbankers for several of Europes royal houses. The two greatest Templesoutside the Levant were located in Paris and London. These two Templesoffered a full range of financial services to the royal houses, includingcollecting taxes, controlling debts and administering pension funds. .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b , .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b .postImageUrl , .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b , .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b:hover , .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b:visited , .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b:active { border:0!important; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b:active , .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9ca45f05be83a5146b850dde827fa4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Most people know that good nutrition is important EssayBurman/Templars 87-88 The treasury of the King of France was kept safelywithin the vault of the Temple of Paris. Sinclair 36The Templars owned a great fleet of merchant ships with which to convey allmanner of goods, e.g., pepper and cotton, as well as pilgrims, betweenEurope and the Holy Land. People wanting to make a pilgrimage to the HolyLand, but lacking the resources to do so, were allowed to assign rights totheir houses and property, upon their death, to the Templars in exchange forpassage on a Templar ship. To avoid accusations of usury, this procedure waslegitimized by the papal bull Quantum Praedecessores, issu ed by PopeEugenius II in 1145. Burman/Templars 75-78The Holy Land was divided into four Crusader States: Jerusalem, Antioch,Tripoli and Edessa. Shifting alliances, complicated by the plotting ofindependent Arab emirates, posed a complicated and often confusing backdropfor the Knights military operations. Their first action was in the northernsector of the Principality of Antioch. They captured the March of Amanus,which formed a natural barrier between the city of Amanus and Asia Minor. Burman/Templars 50The Knights Templar frequently fought side-by-side with their counter-parts, the Knights Hospitaller, another military order, founded to provideshelter to sick, wounded or destitute pilgrims. Together, these two warriororders afforded the Holy Land a formidable fighting force. Although somehistories allude to a deep and bitter rivalry between the two, it is morelikely that they cooperated well during the battles, keeping any suchpettiness for the monotonous weeks between actions. Upton-Ward 6-7The first military action of the Templars was in the northern sector of theHoly Land. In 1131, they captured the March of Amanus in Antioch. It was anatural barrier between the city and Asia Minor, which afforded control oftwo roads into Antioch. The same year, King Fulk, Baldwins successor,travelled to the site and granted ownership to the Templars. Burman/Templars 52Control of the various areas of the Holy Land see-sawed back and forthbetween the Crusaders and the Arabs, with neither side enjoying a decisivevictory. Then the balance of power began to change with the rise of thegreat Arab leader Salah-ad-Din Yusuf ibn-Aiyub, known to westerners asSaladin. Descended from a long line of military heroes, he was born in 1138in Baalbek, Syria, where his father was military governor. He began todevelop his warrior skills by accompanying his father and uncles on variouscampaigns. Burman/Templars 98Saladins rise to power was rapid and successful. His adherance to theorthodox Sunni faith caused him to initiate dramatic changes in his Shi-itearmy. Upon his ultimate rise to the position of Sultan, he declared ajihad, or holy war, against the Crusaders. This intense re-focusing of theMoslem effort began a gradual shift in power. Christian strongholds fell inincreasing numbers, creating a domino effect. By the middle of 1187, Saladinhad capt ured Acre, Nablus, Jaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut and Ascalon. Jerusalem fell on 2 October, 1187. Burman/Templars 108The fall of Jerusalem was a disaster from which the Crusades neverrecovered. Among Saladins prisoners were the King of Jerusalem and Raynaldde Chatillon, commander of the fortress at Moab. After entertaining the twoin his tent, Saladin had Raynald killed. The King saw his fellow prisonerexecuted and thought he was surely next, but Saladin had him brought back into his tent and told him, It is not the habit of kings to kill kings.Saladins victory was complete. Payne 223-4In the disarray that followed, the orders began to disperse. TheHospitallers removed their headquarters, first to Rhodes and then to Malta;and, with the ultimate fall of Acre in 1291, the Templars lost their base ofoperations and relocated to Cyprus. In effect, the orders had lost theiroriginal reason for existence. Upton-Ward 9As the Knights had their policital patrons, so had their enemies. In 1305,Philip IV of France, known as Philip the Fair, seized control of the HolySee and relocated the papacy to Avignon. From there, he initiated a seriesof papal decrees, ostensibly issues by Pope Clement V, a puppet pope underhis absolute control. Eyeing the vast fortunes and resources of theTemplars, he conceived a plot of treachery against them. Since he alsocontrolled the Inquisition in France, he had no difficulty leveling a wholelaundry list of horrible, but adsurd and largely unsupportable, crimesagainst the Knights. Burman/Inquisition 95The role of the Inquisition, under the auspices of Chief InquisitorGuillaume of Paris, was to obtain confessions and conduct trials. On Fridaythe 13th of September, 1307, the warrant was issued for the arrest of theKnights and seizure of their property. Many of the Temples were tipped offby the local sheriffs about the impending sweep, but Grand Master Jacques deMolay and his associates were arrested in their bed clothes. Theinterrogations, aimed at soliciting evidence of any wrongdoing with which toprove the al legations against the order, dragged on for years. Ultimately,the Grand Master, along with other high-ranking Templars, were executed byburning in March, 1314, on an island in the Seine. Howarth 17The years between the arrest of Templars and the orders final dissolutionafforded plenty of time for knights on the lam to become absorbed by theunderground. Knights in England were never pursued, due largely to a riftbetween the King and the Church, and many were thought to have participatedin the war between Scotland and England, on the side of Robert the Bruce. .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 , .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 .postImageUrl , .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 , .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5:hover , .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5:visited , .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5:active { border:0!important; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5:active , .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5 .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1df59c78847f75c9e38f692a8b5c0da5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hemp: The Truth About the Earth's Greatest Plant EssayRobinson 150-51The vast fleet of Templar merchant ships was never found. There is norecord of the 18 Templar ships which had been based at La Rochelle on theFrench coast, nor any of the various Templar ships normally anchored in theThames or other English seaports. There is some speculation that the BarbaryPirates, who gained worldwide noteriety by plundering European shipping wellinto the 19th century, were founded by seagoing Templars with revenge ontheir minds. Many of the orders ships were galleys, which were particularlysuited for piracy. Robinson 165One of the more mysterious tenets of the Freemasons can be found in theinitiation of a Master Mason. The initiate is told his degree will make youa brother to pirates and corsairs. Robinson 165-66In 1813, a merchant ship, captained by a Freemason, was captured andboarded by pirates. In desperation, the captain rendered the Grand HailingSign of Distress of a Master Mason. The pirate captain apparently recognizedthe secret sign and allowed the merchant ship to proceed unharmed. Robinson166The destruction of the Knights Templar by Philip the Fair was due to whathe saw as wealth, arrogance, greed and secrecy on the part of the order. Even Philips lawyer admitted perhaps not all of them had sinned. It tookmore than suspicion of guilt to bring about the downfall of such a powerfulentity as the Knights Templar. The final blow, however, was probablythree-fold: a general unpopularity of the order among the Europeanaristocracy, due in part to jealousy; a chronic shortage in the Frenchtreasury, despite heavy taxation; and Master de Molays refusal to considera merger of the Templars with the Hospitallers, as suggested by the Pope. The fact remains, however, that no evidence of heresy was ever found. Burman/Templars 180An order founded by nine knights in Jerusalem came to amass great wealthand power, which speaks well of their integrity and discretion. They becamethe shock troops of the Holy See. When they lost their original mission ofprotecting pilgrims upon the fall of Jerusalem, their downfall becameinevitable. Sinclair 37Works Cited:Burman, Edward. The Inquisition. New York: Dorset, 1984. . The Templars. Rochester, VT: Destiny, 1986. Howarth, Stephen. The Knights Templar. New York: Dorset, 1982. Payne, Robert. The History of Islam. New York: Dorset, 1987. Robinson, John J. Born in Blood. New York: Evans, 1989. Sinclair, Andrew. The Sword and the Grail. New York: Crown, 1992. Upton-Ward, J. M. The Rule of the Templars. Suffolk: Boydell, 1992.

Atomic Mass Unit Definition (AMU)

Atomic Mass Unit Definition (AMU) In chemistry, an atomic mass unit or AMUÂ  is a physical constant equal to one-twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12. It is a unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. When the mass is expressed in AMU, it roughly reflects the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus (electrons have so much less mass that they are assumed to have a negligible effect). The symbol for the unit is u (unified atomic mass unit) or Da (Dalton), although AMUÂ  may still be used. 1 u 1 Da 1 amu (in modern usage) 1 g/mol Also Known As:Â  unified atomic mass unit (u), Dalton (Da), universal mass unit, either amu or AMU is an acceptable acronym for atomic mass unit The unified atomic mass unit is a physical constant that is accepted for use in the SI measurement system. It replaces the atomic mass unit (without the unified part) and is the mass of one nucleon (either a proton or a neutron) of a neutral carbon-12 atom in its ground state. Technically, the amu is the unit that was based on oxygen-16 until 1961, when it was redefined based on carbon-12. Today, people use the phrase atomic mass unit, but what they mean is unified atomic mass unit. One unified atomic mass unit is equal to: 1.66 yoctograms1.66053904020 x 10-27 kg1.66053904020 x 10-24 g931.49409511 MeV/c21822.8839 me History of the Atomic Mass Unit John Dalton first suggested a means of expressing relative atomic mass in 1803. He proposed the use of hydrogen-1 (protium). Wilhelm Ostwald suggested that relative atomic mass would be better if expressed in terms of 1/16th the mass of oxygen. When the existence of isotopes was discovered in 1912 and isotopic oxygen in 1929, the definition based on oxygen became confusing. Some scientists used an AMU based on the natural abundance of oxygen, while others used an AMU based on the oxygen-16 isotope. So, in 1961 the decision was made to use carbon-12 as the basis for the unit (to avoid any confusion with an oxygen-defined unit). The new unit was given the symbol u to replace amu, plus some scientists called the new unit a Dalton. However, u and Da were not universally adopted. Many scientists kept using the amu, just recognizing it was now based on carbon rather than oxygen. At present, values expressed in u, AMU, amu, and Da all describe the exact same measure. Examples of Values Expressed in Atomic Mass Units A hydrogen-1 atom has a mass of 1.007 u (or Da or amu).A carbon-12 atom is defined as having a mass of 12 u.The largest known protein, titin, has a mass of 3 x 106 Da.AMU is used to differentiate between isotopes. An atom of U-235, for example, has a lower AMU than one of U-238, since they differ by the number of neutrons in the atom.

Influences in the teaching enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Influences in the teaching enviroment - Essay Example This primarily requires the teacher to understand the nature of disruptive behavior and form strategies to deal with such students. A good teacher is one who is prepared for everything and is always ahead of the students. A good teacher will never lose any of his/her audience. They will always maintain a connection and eye contact with the pack to ensure maximum participation (Ryan, & Patrick, 2001). The most common factors which lead to disruptive behavior of students in the classroom are the following The students lose interest in the subject and get bored from the confined environment. When the students lose their focus from the topic they start behaving in a disruptive manner. Misbehavior with the teacher and violating the rules of school by the students is the most common form of disruptive behavior. Students indulge into wrong habits or they feel good by bullying others. Some students deliberately behave badly to get noticed. They do this to get famous amongst their peers. Stud ents who are self centered and like it when people circle them while walking often argue without any reason. They think that they are always right and always have an argument ready. Some students genuinely have a bad behavior and they cannot do anything to control their behavior. Autism and other disorders like the spectrum disorder are observed in such students. This disruptive behavior which the students show affects the teachers and makes it difficult for them to control the class. A good teacher is one who exactly knows the audience they are addressing to. They maintain full contact with all the students and the lecture delivery is such that the students don’t feel bored at any point. For teachers it is said that when the attention of one student is lost the whole class is lost (Kaplan, Gheen, & Midgley, 2002). The classroom environment is very impulsive and volatile. The mood, reaction and the behavior of the students keep on changing. In professional education teachers fail to deliver because of disruption and misconduct in the behavior of the students. Disruptive behavior is like a virus, it spreads throughout the class. If one student misbehaves the whole class gets an urge to misbehave. The examples of disruptive and negative classroom environment behavior are Personal attack by the students either physical or verbal Excessive use of electronic devices in the classroom Leaving of class without the permission of the teacher Sleeping during classes and not paying heed to the teacher Ignoring teachers instructions and arguing with the teacher unnecessarily by showing an aggressive or hostile behavior Bullying the students or the teachers or portraying displeasure through an unacceptable behavior like shouting and arguing unnecessarily (Teaching Academy, n.d) The most efficient strategy which the teachers can use to deal with the disruptive behavior of the students is to ensure that the interest of the students is maintained constantly. The course material must be made interesting and relevancy of the subject must be delivered to the students. New methods and interactive techniques must be proposed to make learning and interaction easy like discussion, games and group activities. A teacher must encourage participation because it is the only way they could get feedback of whether the topic is being delivered to the students or not. This is the technology age and to attract the attention of the students new methods

Stoneridge Investment Partners LLC v. Scientific Atlanta Essay

Stoneridge Investment Partners LLC v. Scientific Atlanta - Essay Example The court in its analysis of the facts in the case, the court asserted that the claims against the plaintiffs were based on aiding and abetting and not on manipulation or deception. There was no allegation of involvement of the vendors in any of the charters deception since they were not involved in internal accounting (Hein et al. 25-32). The vendors were deemed to have been involved in a business transaction, which did not involve securities and were such under no obligation to take any action on the financial happenings of the charter company. The court was right in not revisiting the 1994 Central Bank aiding and abetting standard, which created primary and secondary liability. The ruling in the 1994 case of Central Bank of Denver v. the First Interstate Bank of Denver, which held, that aiders and abettors were liable to scheme liability in instances in which their actions resulted in financial losses and manipulative tendencies (Perry and Scott 26-32). Revisiting the case and cre ating scheme liability would not have been practical as even the 1994 case strictly applied the rule of section 10 (b) were not envisioned to include aiders and abettors. ... The law would also result to an increase in the number of cases filed against secondary violators of the SEC Act; the act would deter and lead to a shift of many foreign investors from the country due to the high risks and costs involved. The positive effects of such a ruling on the business community would be its effect on the accounting principles and general way of doing business. Such a ruling would make many businesses to be more careful in their business dealings even in secondary transactions (Coberly 26-7). Since the rule would make secondary violators liable, it would result into more vigilance among businesses that would result to better management and more profits for the business. The question of whether there was aiding and abetting in the Stoneridge Investment Partners LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc case is a complex issue which is subject to different interpretations. In my opinion, the defendants cannot be said to have been involved in aiding and abetting since what t hey were involved in was a secondary business transaction to what is proscribed as aiding and abetting in section 10 (b). Aiding and abetting would entail intent to collude in order to deceive and manipulate people into buying of securities. The defendants in this case were not involved in any collusion since theirs was simply a business transaction separated from the selling of securities. The behavior of the vendors while legal under the law since it adheres to general accounting principles is unethical in that it was unethical. Professional conduct in business calls for an adherence to ethical principles in all aspects of doing business. The vendors acted in an unethical manner since they had knowledge of the unethical financial reporting that the charter was involved in yet they

Sociological perspectives on deviance

Sociological perspectives on deviance The term deviance is used by sociologists to refer to behaviour which changes, in some way, from a social norm. In this respect, it is clear that the idea of deviance refers to a violation of social norms and refers to rule breaking behaviour. Deviance refers to those actions which go against the norms, values and beliefs of ordinary culture. For example, drinking alcohol at the age of 16. In relation to deviance, the idea relates to all kinds of rule-breaking which involves such things as murder, theft, rape or wearing unsuitable clothing for a given social situation. Many sociologists have given their own definition of deviance. Some sociologist conceive of deviance as a collection of conditions, persons or acts that society disvalue (Sagarin, 1975, 9) There are various perspectives in Sociology such as the functionalist theories and Karl Marxist theories which asks different questions and focuses on different issues regarding deviance. In order to answer the question above it is n ecessary to outline and discuss the sociological perspectives on deviance. I will be discussing the main perspectives of deviance throughout sociology. Functionalism is defined as a Framework that conceptualises society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability (Macionis and Plummer, 1997. p. 19-20).Functionalism has grown through the work of many sociologists including Durkheim and later on by Brown and Merton, The works of these sociologists was based on a biological scientific model called organic system-comparison of social operations to that of a living organism (Giddens, 2001.16) Functionalist theorists, including Durkheim, state crime as having a social role. Others, including Merton, state the strain between socialized aims and reality as the true cause of crime. Functionalist Emile Durkheim believed that societies are held together by shared values and economic dependence. He thinks that society would crumple if principles are not passed from one generation to another. A vital function of society is the preservation of its values, which is done through education and religion. The concept of anomie was introduced by Emile Durkheim which suggested that In modern societies, traditional norms and standards become undermined without being replaced by new ones. (Giddens, 2009, 941). This is the breakdown of society, and will lead to social disorder, deviance and violence. Durkheim also argues that deviance is useful and necessary in society. It helps to strengthen the consensus of values, norms and behaviour of the majority non-deviant population, through the idea of anger at crime which reinforces social solidarity. Other theorists, including Erikson who argues that influential groups within any society are able to impose their views upon the maj ority by a process of ideological manipulation. The excitement generated by the crime quickens the tempo of interaction in a group and creates a climate in which the private sentiments of many people are fused into a common sense of morality.(Bean, 2003, 24). However, Robert Merton criticised Durkheims idea of anomie as being unclear. Merton argued that anomie is a state where the socially approved goals of society are not available to a significant amount of the population if they followed socially approved means of obtaining these goals. According to Merton, people turned to deviance in this state because there is anxiety between what people have socialised to want and what they are able to achieve through legitimate means. Robert Merton, who also accepted the view of functionalists who believed that society, must have certain features to survive. He argues that both goals and constraints on behaviour are socially based, and that desires are socially copied, from socialisation, into cultural goals such as work-related status or financial achievement. Mertons theory on deviance, which is known as the Strain Theory, is a development of Durkheims ideas of anomie and culture. Anomie, in Mertons perspective, can occur when people are not capable to follow the main norms within a society.Some individuals adapt by becoming ritualises, conforming to society norms without any expectations of achieving them. (Clinard, 2001, 5) Merton argues that individuals are socialized into wanting success, wealth, status and power. When they are unable to achieve this, it results in a strain between what we want, and what we can get. One possible response to the strain theory is deviance through innovation (deviant and crimin al behaviour resulting to crime), retreatism (backing out of socially desirable behaviour, for example, alcoholics, drug addicts), Ritualism (ignoring goals of society) and rebellion (rejection of goals and means, but an attempt to replace them with alternative values). Mertons analysis on deviance suggests that deviant behaviour is efficient. First, for the people involved, it allows them to adjust to the situation in which they find themselves in. Merton sees these responses as useful to the society as they help to release the anxiety, therefore maintain the social system stability. However, Merton was criticised by Valier, amongst others, for his importance on the continuation of a common goal in society. Valier argues that there are a range of goals that people struggle to attain at any one time Feminist approach have also criticised functionalism for not explain on conflict, also not considering it to be an integral part of the social world (Dominelli, 1997. p.17). Feminist also argues that this supports and explains structures which have a tendency to be male dominated and in so ignoring the past and women contributions to the society. In conclusion, it can be argued that Functionalist theories do certainly go a long distance in justifying the reasons for Deviance. However, it is overly deterministic in the view of society and the way in which it shapes and forms human behaviour. However, it should argued that Functionalist theories are useful in explaining and deviance, In terms of civil theories or triangulation and procedural pluralism to stable out the problems and challenges linked with Functionalist theory. Sub cultural theories on deviance were developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s from the Albert Cohen and Richard Cloward. They stressed that people respond to forces which are outside to them. This therefore leads them to behave in different ways. Their behaviour is explained by social causes. Sub cultural theorists have tried to seek the causes of these differences. Subculture theories claim to have recognized break downs in the social order. These break downs are seen to be rectifiable by dissimilar types of social engineering e.g. Social reform, social welfare and education. According to interactionist theories of deviance, they make fundamental ideas of deviance in terms of there being no such as deviant act. They place firm importance on reaction. Interactionist put forward useful idea such as labelling, self-fulfilling prophecy, and mortification and primary and secondary deviance. They are significant of the functionalist and subculture theories of deviance. Interactionists argue that human action is original. Humans create roles in relation to and adjustment to others. American Sociologist Edwin Lemert, argues that public reaction is a cause of deviance. Lemert starts by explaining between primary and secondary deviance. Primary deviance is deviance before it is openly labelled; it has a number of likely causes and is not worth looking at given that the samples are unfair and it has no impact on the individual, therefore it does not strain status or activities. The general factor among deviants, argues Lemert, is the process of labelling. The public response to the deviant leads to secondary deviance, the response of the deviant to public labelling. Lemert claims that secondary deviance should be the focal point of study because of its result on the individual. The vital idea is that societal reaction can in fact cause deviant behaviour. The Labelling theorists are another approach in sociology which views the point of seeing deviance from the view of the deviant individual. They claim that when a person becomes known as a deviant, and is expected to have deviant behaviour, it is to do with the way they have been labelled, as the deviant act they are said to have committed. The labelling theory realises that certain acts labelled as deviant are more than likely to be carried out by certain types of people. If society labels a person as a criminal or as deviant there is much evidence that this label sticks with the person to the extent that he believes that they are deviant. So to satisfy society they carry out the role of a deviant to the degree that they are fitting in with what they observe is their role in life or in the society. This makes a great impact on their life, as they need someone to help them to see that they are not deviant or a criminal. If a person becomes a criminal then society need to recognise this and help the person to overcome this, by offering support or counselling to make it aware to the person that this behaviour is not acceptable and if they continue it will lead to them not achieving. However the main criticism of labelling theory is that it is deterministic, and that it makes the person as if they were not human, which then leads to certain behaviour by the act of labels being given to it, and following behaviour patterns as a result of behaviour patterns that go with it.. The Marxist approach has been one of the most vital approaches in explaining deviant behaviour. They mostly base their ideas and theories on how the powerful people control the society which influences how the society works today. The definition of deviance from a Marxist perspective is a conflict between powerful and less powerful groups. Definitions of deviance then emerge from class conflicts between powerful groups and less powerful groups. (Clinard, 2002, 118) Marxists believes that working class males of a younger age commit most crime mainly due to the media which emphasize ideas of greed into people. Therefore, results in a materialistic capitalist system that may force working people of a lower class to commit crime as they have a lower income and may not be able to afford certain equipment such as clothes like the rest of the society. Marxism criticizes a capitalist society where by the productions are owned by the ruling class and the lower class. The bourgeoisie are the ruling class, whilst the proletariats are seen as the lower class. The bourgeoisie act as a societies ruling class. The proletariats, on the other hand, fill the ranks of the ruled end of society. (Clinard and Meier, 2008, 77) The idea of deviance came when Marx attempted to look for something in the world that caused conflicts. He found it in the idea of class struggle. Throughout the past, we have fought against each other for the control of food, shelter, money. Marxists mainly focus on the class distribution and empathises that the ruling class control the norms and values of the society. Therefore, it will not be classed as deviant unless the bourgeoisie say so. The bourgeoisie will only class deviant unless it is committed by a working class person. However, the Marxist approach in terms of explaining deviant behaviour is only consistent to some degree. Along with the challenges from other perspectives, it shows that improvements can be added to their ideas. Marxists mostly focuses on the class distribution and argue that they the ruling class manage the norms and values of the society. It will not be classed as deviant if the bourgeoisie say so and they will not say so if a working class person commits it. Finally In conclusion to sociological perspectives of deviance, they all give an account of some explanation to deviance and give their point of view. However, it varies depending on the various approaches. For an act to be thought to as deviance it varies from place to place and from time to time

Research Questions, Objectives and Hypothesis

Research objectives are the goals of the research study. Research objectives specify the reason researchers are conducting research. For example, researchers may want to better understand the difference in pain scale results among subjects with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. In this case the research objective would cause researchers to take steps to conduct scientific analysis to determine the variations in pain experienced between a group of individuals without a diagnosis of TBI and a group of individuals with TBI.The research objective is to determine if there is a difference in perceived pain levels among patients with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury as compared with individuals without a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. The objective is the reason researchers are conducting the research. Farrugia et al. cites Hayes in saying when formulating a research objective it is essential to know â€Å"where the boundary between current knowle dge and ignorance lies. † (Farrugia 2010).Understanding the missing component among previously conducted research and current observations is a key component when formulating a research objective. Research questions are the questions asked in order to achieve the objective. According to Farrugia et al. , an effective research question should â€Å"specify the population of interest, be of interest to the scientific community and potentially to the public, have clinical relevance and further current knowledge in the field† and be compliant with current ethical standards (Farrugia et al. 2010).The study authors further suggest using the FINER criteria in order to develop an effective initial research question. This delineates the research question into several component parts to analyze in detail the efficacy of the research question and if, among all the available or visible possible questions, the question chosen is the most effective research question to guide the stud y. For example, according to Jackson, a research question may state â€Å"do science majors score higher on intelligence tests then students in the general population† (Jackson 2011).This question guides the course of the research study and guides researchers in setting up the study effectively and accurately. It is important, throughout the course of research, to ensure that additional questions do not cloud the initial research question (Farrugia et al. 2010). This requires a focus on the original research question and the ability of researchers to set aside additional questions that may arise for later research studies.A research hypothesis or alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis which researchers â€Å"want to support that predicts a significant difference exists between the two groups being compared† (Jackson 2011). For further description, Farrugia et al. describes the research hypothesis a hypothesis developed â€Å"from the research question and then the m ain elements of the study — sampling strategy, intervention (if applicable), comparison and outcome variables — are summarized in a form that establishes the basis for testing, statistical and ultimately clinical significance† (Farrugia et al.2010).The research hypothesis differs from the null hypothesis and sets the course of the study, the study details and types of measures used during the study. Jackson provides an example of a research hypothesis being derived from an initial research objective when a researcher wants to illustrate that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores compared to children who do not attend educationally-based after school programs.The alternative hypothesis in this case would be that the researcher wants to prove that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores. In order to accomplish this, because of the nature of proving and disproving facts and the impossibility of proving the truth of the hypothesis through statistics, the researcher would have to construct a null hypothesis â€Å"the hypothesis predicting that no differences exists between the groups being compares† (Jackson 2011).In this case the null hypotheses would perhaps say that children who attend academically-based after school programs have the same IQ scores as children who do not attend such programs. This would then allow the researcher to attempt to disprove the null hypothesis using inferential statistics to reject the null hypothesis, which in turn would mean the research or alternative hypothesis, is potentially supported by the data gathered by the researcher. Another important consideration is weather the hypothesis will be one-tailed or two-tailed.A one-tailed hypothesis is an hypothesis â€Å"in which the researcher predicts the direction of the expected difference between the groups† (Jackson 2011). A two-tailed hypothesis is â€Å"an al ternative hypothesis in which the researcher predicts that the groups being compared differ but does not predict the direction of the difference. † Whether one-tailed or two tailed (Jackson 2011) the hypothesis gives credence to the research and provides the schema on which researchers build their research study. Research Questions, Objectives and Hypothesis Research objectives are the goals of the research study. Research objectives specify the reason researchers are conducting research. For example, researchers may want to better understand the difference in pain scale results among subjects with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. In this case the research objective would cause researchers to take steps to conduct scientific analysis to determine the variations in pain experienced between a group of individuals without a diagnosis of TBI and a group of individuals with TBI.The research objective is to determine if there is a difference in perceived pain levels among patients with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury as compared with individuals without a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. The objective is the reason researchers are conducting the research. Farrugia et al. cites Hayes in saying when formulating a research objective it is essential to know â€Å"where the boundary between current knowle dge and ignorance lies. † (Farrugia 2010).Understanding the missing component among previously conducted research and current observations is a key component when formulating a research objective. Research questions are the questions asked in order to achieve the objective. According to Farrugia et al. , an effective research question should â€Å"specify the population of interest, be of interest to the scientific community and potentially to the public, have clinical relevance and further current knowledge in the field† and be compliant with current ethical standards (Farrugia et al. 2010).The study authors further suggest using the FINER criteria in order to develop an effective initial research question. This delineates the research question into several component parts to analyze in detail the efficacy of the research question and if, among all the available or visible possible questions, the question chosen is the most effective research question to guide the stud y. For example, according to Jackson, a research question may state â€Å"do science majors score higher on intelligence tests then students in the general population† (Jackson 2011).This question guides the course of the research study and guides researchers in setting up the study effectively and accurately. It is important, throughout the course of research, to ensure that additional questions do not cloud the initial research question (Farrugia et al. 2010). This requires a focus on the original research question and the ability of researchers to set aside additional questions that may arise for later research studies.A research hypothesis or alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis which researchers â€Å"want to support that predicts a significant difference exists between the two groups being compared† (Jackson 2011). For further description, Farrugia et al. describes the research hypothesis a hypothesis developed â€Å"from the research question and then the m ain elements of the study — sampling strategy, intervention (if applicable), comparison and outcome variables — are summarized in a form that establishes the basis for testing, statistical and ultimately clinical significance† (Farrugia et al.  2010).The research hypothesis differs from the null hypothesis and sets the course of the study, the study details and types of measures used during the study. Jackson provides an example of a research hypothesis being derived from an initial research objective when a researcher wants to illustrate that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores compared to children who do not attend educationally-based after school programs.The alternative hypothesis in this case would be that the researcher wants to prove that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores. In order to accomplish this, because of the nature of proving and disproving facts and the impossibility of proving the truth of the hypothesis through statistics, the researcher would have to construct a null hypothesis â€Å"the hypothesis predicting that no differences exists between the groups being compares† (Jackson 2011).In this case the null hypotheses would perhaps say that children who attend academically-based after school programs have the same IQ scores as children who do not attend such programs. This would then allow the researcher to attempt to disprove the null hypothesis using inferential statistics to reject the null hypothesis, which in turn would mean the research or alternative hypothesis, is potentially supported by the data gathered by the researcher. Another important consideration is weather the hypothesis will be one-tailed or two-tailed.A one-tailed hypothesis is an hypothesis â€Å"in which the researcher predicts the direction of the expected difference between the groups† (Jackson 2011). A two-tailed hypothesis is â€Å"a n alternative hypothesis in which the researcher predicts that the groups being compared differ but does not predict the direction of the difference. † Whether one-tailed or two tailed (Jackson 2011) the hypothesis gives credence to the research and provides the schema on which researchers build their research study.

The Tried and True Method for Substance Abuse Essay Topics in Step by Step Detail

The Tried and True Method for Substance Abuse Essay Topics in Step by Step Detail Stigma is understood to be a sign of shame or discredit and its influence on the individual already struggling with substance abuse makes them reluctant to find help or admit they have an issue. For many others, however, substance use can be an effort to escape from problems in their lives and has much more significant consequences. The usual notion of drug abuse is it contributes to negative impacts in the human body and thinking of the individual involved. What began as a voluntary choice has become a bodily and mental need. Drug abuse like cocaine and heroin, together with alcohol abuse can not just boost a person's anger. however, it can aggravate unresolved emotions and be a revolving door to additional alcohol and drug abuse as a coping mechanism. Also, the majority of the drug abusers turn into criminals in a try to look for money they would utilize to purchase the drugs. Methadone and b uprenorphine are occasionally used in the treatment of opiate addiction. Repeated drug use can alter the brain and result in addiction. Drug overdose may also induce death. Drugs change the brain in ways which make quitting hard, even for people who need to. Nearly all drugs of abuse may also create a phenomenon called tolerance, in which one must use a bigger sum of the drug to generate the exact degree of intoxication. Substance abuse can result in the extra stress of losing your work, your loved ones, a decrease in finances, legal troubles, a decline in health and the list continues on. Individuals with low levels of cognitive distortion might be more apt to choose more adaptive procedures of coping with social issues, thereby potentially reducing the danger of drug usage. To change a behavior like substance abuse the combined effects of the surroundings and a person's attitudes have to be assessed and evaluated. It is very important to treat both problems. Now you have answered every one of the questions, you will want to score your answers. There are a few recommendations about how to decide on an adequate topic which will satisfy a crucial reader. A list of resources associated with the content is contained in each module. Think of the subject above. In terms of long-term effects of child abuse, it is nearly not feasible to register them. For today's young individuals, drug abuse among youths is a developing problem. Treating substance abuse is dependent on both the individual and the substance used. Chemical and alcohol substance abuse is rising in teenagers. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Substance Abuse Essay Topics Such young men and women will often arrive at the interest of the school. They abuse substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs for varied and complicated reasons, but it is clear that our society pays a significant cost. A lot of people don't understand why or how other men and women become hooked on drugs. When it has to do with drugs, individuals perceive them as the absolute most negative contemporary trend. While the particular statistics regarding substance abuse in the USA are quite overwhelming, what also proves to be very stunning is the simple fact that although the U.S. has been proven to expend the most amount of money fighting the sale and application of illicit drugs, the country has among the greatest rates of drug use in the worldwide community. Substance abusers change jobs more frequently, and this also becomes an additional expense as a result of time necessary to train replacements for the employee you lose. It's straightforward to establish, use and manage, which means that your company can concentrate on what really matters. Issues to think about in substance abuse treatment might be related to the form of program, but in addition the philosophy of the program. Child abuse is known to be one of the most important issues which drive an interest of the country. VA made it less difficult to get assist. Type of Substanc e Abuse Essay Topics The degree of drug abuse in america has increased a lot hence resulting in the creation of whether some drugs ought to be legalized in the nation or not. The urge for the substance will continue to increase and the individual will have to consume more quantities of the drug to reach the exact same state of pleasure. Social issues are almost always topical since they define the degree of the mankind development. Stress is part of life and there's no way to entirely avoid stress, but what links stress and substance abuse is largely as a result of inability of the person to deal with a rise in stress. Moreover, drug abuse is harmful as it promotes the spreading of damaging diseases through drugs which need to be injected directly within the body. There are a number of substances that may be abused or misused, all which have dangerous health implications. Many drugs lessen inhibitions and boost the likelihood that someone will take part in risky behavior. Wh en drugs and alcohol are mixed together, they will probably cause a severe physical behavioral and wellness complications. You might need to quit using, but you truly feel powerless. For Instance, drug use doesn't alter the circumstance. If you have any questions regarding your drinking or drug usage, learn more about treatment choices. There's direct and indirect pressure that may influence somebody's decision in using drugs. The impacts of chemical substances vary based on the user, the sum used, and the explanations for being used. Some believe using illegal substances is deemed dangerous and, thus, abusive. Many substances can bring on withdrawal effects due to cessation or reduction in the sum of the substance used. The most frequently encountered chemical substance that's abused by pop musicians is cocaine, due to its neurological outcomes.